Resource Guide to
Artificial Intelligence
and
Machine Learning

Cathay Crosby

INFO674 Resources in Science and Technology
Instructor: M. Harvey
Drexel Unversity

Fall, 2005

Abstract

Under the massive umbrella of computer science, artificial intelligence (AI) is a vast subfield of study with many subsets. These include such large areas of study as robotics, computer gaming, and speech and pattern recognition. Since the 1950s, artificial intelligence has evolved from primitive programs that play end-games of chess and the development of basic calculators to the complex, self-educating programs that now interact with humans in hundreds of ways.

A primary objective of artificial intelligence is to create programs that emulate human reasoning. Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that focuses upon the process of improving or “learning” much in the way a human assimilates information.

This guide will offer resources for exploration and further study of machine learning and artificial intelligence. It is intended for public and academic librarians who serve the general public and scientific community, information specialists, and students who require a reference resource in this field.

Table of Contents

Background Sources

Introduction

The Guide

· Library of Congress Subject Headings

· Library of Congress Classification Numbers

· Dewey Decimal Classifications

· Abstracts

· Alerting Services

· Associations & Professional Societies

· Computer Science Technical Reports

· Conferences, Meetings, Symposiums

· Databases

· Dictionaries/Glossaries

· Directories

· Encyclopedias

· Guides to the Literature

· Handbook Resource

· Index Resource

· Journals

· Web sites (Blogs, ListServes, Forums)

Conclusion

Footnotes

Background Sources

Brule’, James F. Artificial Intelligence: Theory, Logic and Application. PA: Tab Books, Inc., 1986.

Good historical references regarding the development of AI. Actual examples of “conversations” with the first AI computer programs (such as, Eliza and Parry) are given, which offers an insight as to the “reasoning” abilities of these substantial programs. Further examples of medical applications and the potential this has are thoroughly discussed. Logical pattern recognition discussions offer an introduction about how these programs were first developed.

Gibilisco, Stan (Ed.). McGraw-Hill Illustrated Encyclopedia of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence. NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994.

This encyclopedia offers concise (if basic) commonly-used explanations of theories and terms. Brief biographies of famous inventors, programmers, writers and other influential people involved with artificial intelligence are mentioned. The connection between AI and robotics is clearly defined. Questions about the idea of “computer consciousness” and the ever-changing field of programming language and actual “reasoning power” are discussed at length.

Graham, Ian. Artificial Intelligence. Chicago: Reed Educational & Professional Publishing, 2003.

This resource offers introductions to the many subsets of artificial intelligence. Machine learning focuses upon developing and adapting programs that will replicate how humans learn, think, and evolve. Many examples are given, including face and voice recognition systems. Work in how to model emotions, emulate “common sense,” and to carry on intelligent, spontaneous conversations are touched upon. From a brief overview of the beginnings of AI (such as with the Turing Test) to the promotion of new adaptations with the astounding applications of the World Wide Web (the author suggests that this is actually another step for AI) is also discussed.

Hogan, James P. Mind Matters: Exploring the World of Artificial Intelligence. NY: Random House (Del Rey), 1997.

This resource gives a thorough explanation of the development of artificial intelligence, with a philosophical perspective. The argument, “Can computers think?” that Alan Turing first established in the 1950s is further explored through John Searle’s Chinese Turing Test. Hogan presents convincing arguments against this test and offers the reader much to consider about when defining the perimeters of artificial intelligence and machine learning. This resource includes an extensive bibliography.

Morelli, R., Brown, W.M., Anselmi, D., Haberlandt, K., Lloyd, D. Minds, Brains & Computers: Perspectives in Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence. NJ: Ablex Publilshing Corporation, 1992.

Nine topics feature cognition, language and how technology drives society to re-examine itself regarding how we relate to each other and the world around us. One discussion, “Story-Based Memory” by Roger C. Shank, centered upon the idea of stories, storytelling, memory, and communication. When related to AI and Machine Learning, it shows the complexity of the underlying problem of programming or simulating how humans relate to each other and learn from each other. Shank makes the point that experiences are essential to understanding someone’s meaning – a difficult concept for AI.

Anyone who is practically acquainted with scientific work is aware that
those who refuse to go beyond fact
rarely get as far as fact.

--Thomas Henry Huxley
(1825-1895)

Introduction

The field of artificial intelligence is as enormous as its history is long. Its beginnings quietly sprouted, on the one side from early days of mathematics, and on the other side from human imaginings of golems (Hebrew legend of bringing to life an automaton or artificial man¹) and a league of Frankenstein’s monsters. The actual creation of a mechanism that could function in a human way dates to the early nineteenth century with Charles Babbage’s conception of a calculator; made out of brass, which he called an “Analytical Engine.”² According to his writings, this machine would be able to figure out chess moves. This British mathematician’s work was not completed, however. It wasn’t until 1914 that a similar device was created by Leonardo Torres y Quevedo who, at that time, was the director off a technical institute in Spain. Quevedo is attributed as the inventor of the first electromechanical device.³

Simply put, artificial intelligence consists of a complex program or series of programs which allows a computerized mechanism to function in a way that allows it to learn, reason, adapt and self-correct. The software program (the AI) is the brain. Overall, a common goal is to create a way in which a programmed mechanism can intelligently and positively interact with humans. In this context, “positive” means to “enhance human life” in some way that creates a learning environment. AI is different from “scripted programs” in that it can learn (from a variety of sources)

and then take this information and put it together in a new way that makes sense and is somewhat unique; almost like a new idea or thought or figuring out a solution to an apparent problem.

Useful applications for such devices were made more apparent after World War II as advances in the computer sciences fueled scientists, businesses and the government’s realizations of the potential gains. By the late 1940s and early 1950s, the debate about where to draw the line between simple computer programming and indications of a “machine intelligence” were in the headlines. Another British mathematician, Alan Turing, developed the famous “Turing Test”.⁴Mathematical possibilities of problem-solving techniques were programmed as possible moves of chess, checkers and tic-tac-toe and challenges were made to come and play the machines. Granted, these first computer gaming machines were costly, bulky, temperamental and slow, but they generated public interest for a time. Promises of the “kitchens of the future,” at World Fairs, robotic maids that took care of the children and meal-planning (Rosie, from Meet the Jetsons) , and houses that knew when and how to clean themselves generated amusement along with hopes and fears. Science fiction became more popular than science fact as it was perhaps easier to understand and to get excited about. But the fad temporarily faded with computer hardware and software problems (Boyd, 2005).⁵

Fast forward a dozen years. Humans have been to the moon, and data and word processors are commonly used in the workplace. Technological advances – and possibilities - continue to be realized, compounding even more ideas.

A computer engineer named Joseph Weizenbaum joined MIT in 1963 and their work on language recognition and question-answering programs. Weizenbaum developed ELIZA, a computer

programmed to act like a nondirective therapist – an analyst who doesn’t direct or steer the Alan (and the “HAL Nursery” from the same site, a-i.com) presents a whole new level of AI Alan (and the “HAL Nursery” from the same site, a-i.com) presents a whole new level of AI conversation. The response, that humans seemed to want to interact with machines, was amazing.⁶ No one could have predicted the popularity of computer games, toys with interactive capabilities (almost AI in scope), and the impact on communication.

Now we can go online and “chat” with AI bots anytime. The following is from a recent conversation I had with “Alan” (named after Alan Turing):

U>	Do you know Eliza?
A>	It is hard, and unfair, to talk about Chatterbots and not mention ELIZA.
U>	I agree.
A>	ELIZA is the best-known Chatterbot in the world. It is also one of the oldest - Joseph Weizenbaum of MIT made ELIZA in 1967! She was named after Eliza Doolittle.
U>	Is that right?
A>	The mission of ELIZA was to imitate a conversation between a psychoanalyst and a patient. Let me just say this - it's fun chatting with ELIZA, but if I were human, I'd choose a human psychoanalyst. Call me old-fashioned.
U>	I don't know....there's something about the anonymity of a machine.
A>	I think we covered ELIZA.
A>	You can talk to ELIZA on http://www-ai.ijs.si/eliza/eliza.html
U>	Is that right?
A>	It is.
U>	From what I know of Eliza, you are far advanced but along the same track.

AI now affects medical, aerospace, and everyday business activities. Deep Blue became touted as the first computer to beat a world class chess champion (Kasparov). Since then, the algorithms that made the machines “seem” intelligent have compounded - computer programmers and scientists have rapidly built upon each other’s works, developing hundreds of applications for AI that are commonly used today, including Google, online banking, handwriting recognition , drug development, unmanned spy planes, satellite design, and “smart” cars. This list goes on; there are over three hundred patents issued under the headings of artificial intelligence and machine learning.8

Scientists with Carnegie Mellon, MIT, and Stanford University are today’s US leaders in AI. With the World Wide Web and ease of travel, international scientific coalitions are now commonplace. The sharing of information and of prototypes is influencing the quickening pace with which new discoveries are built upon. (Governments and businesses still provide the majority of funding.)

Technological breakthroughs, especially the increase of storage and processing capabilities, have obviously helped artificial intelligence projects’ continued evolution. Although it is still limited, AI can now be housed in personal computers or robotic arms, and in units that look like a dog or a child or of a human head. As computer housing substances, computer technology, robotics and the studies of human problem-solving techniques advance, so will the changes be seen in the fields of artificial intelligence and in the very idea of “thinking computers.” The answers to what it

means to think like a human and whether computers can do this are challenged by the complexities and increasing powers of programming, technological restrictions and with the higher demands and expectations put upon this field.

Paradoxically, it has been easy to take these remarkable achievements for granted as they have so readily fitted into place as part of our lives. As Rodney Brooks, director of the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology states, “AI is everywhere around you every second of the day. People just don’t notice it.”⁹

The first glimmers that shaped this resource guide came from three leading science and engineering magazines: Science, Scientific American and NewScientist, as well as some inspiration from PC Magazine and information from the American Library Association’s online resources. These sources, along with the course readings, shaped the focus of this guide: as information was read and assimilated, adjustments were made to define the particulars of what would be helpful for the potential users of these resources.

As mentioned, the AI field encompasses more than one resource guide can adequately provide. To attempt this type of guide would soon provide false or inaccurate information – many Web based sources of information are changing. To get around this, sites were chosen than had established their Web presences from recognized associations, institutions or organizations. Web sites were narrowed to those that are in English. The additional attention on the sub-category of Machine Learning helped to further define the resources.

This resource guide provides a variety of formats for finding information about artificial intelligence and machine learning, taking the information seeker further into the subject. Resources listed in this guide therefore include journals, directories and bibliographies, including online accessibility.

There will be some duplication for ease of use. For example, the same resource may be listed under “Directories” and “Web Sites” if it is an online directory. Selectivity of quality, current, and easily-obtainable resources were key perimeters since searching for information and the varying user behaviors that shape these searches were kept in consideration. Engineers, for example, seek information differently than a typical “browsing” library patron (Tenopir, 2004).¹⁰ Information about products and services were kept to a minimum. A variety of representations of fields within Ai/machine learning defined some of the resources offered.

Some of the information may seem dated, especially the printed sources. In searching for the best possible resources for this guide I also spoke with a chemical engineer who addressed this issue. He said that all engineers’ works are often built upon a previous, sound foundation, like some mathematical equations, which portend a view of the next step or steps.¹¹

It was also important to keep in mind the importance of accessibility of this guide for interested researchers of levels of expertise, including public library staff that might not be trained in finding information in science and technology resources. Therefore, some of the information presented will be readily accessible with no membership or special qualification necessary, some will require simple registration, and others will appeal to professionals who would probably be members of certain associations or organizations.

Scientific and technological information can sometimes be formidable at first. This guide is to help bridge the need for information with best resources available, to break down possible barriers, and to create a renewed interest in the field for the public librarian, inspiring her to share the energy of this exciting field with a variety of patrons.

The Guide

for artificial intelligence/machine learning

Artificial intelligence

Expert systems

Computer

Computer Crimes

Computer Games

Computer Graphics

Computer Hackers

Computer Hardware

Computer Industry

Computer Input-Output Equipment

Computer Instruction

Computer Interfaces

Computer Logic

Computer Programmers

Computer Programming

Computer Programs

Computer Science

Computer Security

Computer Software

Computer Viruses

Programming Languages Electronic Computers

Library of Congress Subject Headings

Library of Congress Classification Numbers

Class Q - General Science
Subclass Q	Q1-390 General Science
Subclass QA	QA1-QA939 Mathematics
	Computer science- Electronic computers.	QA75-76.95
	Computer software.	QA76.75 – 76.765
	Artificial Intelligence (AI)	Q334 – AI Abstracts and Directories Q334.2 – Q334.6 – AI Dictionaries Q335 – AI Encyclopedias Q335 – AI Experiments Q335-Q335.5 – AI Addresses, essays, lectures Q335 and Z7405.A7 – AI Bibliography Q335 – AI book reviews Q336 – AI Computer programs and computer simulation
Subclass PR/PS Fiction, Science
Subclass PR/PS	AI Fiction	PR9105.9.A47 – PS3537.M4478
Subclass T Technology, Applied Mathematics, and Engineering
Subclass T	Technology – General	T
	Information Technology	T58.5 - T58.64
	Automation	T59.5
Subclass TA	Engineering – General and Civil Engineering	TA
	Systems Engineering	TA168
	Electronics	TA7800 – TA8360
	Computer Engineering, Computer Hardware	TA7885 - TA7895

Dewey Decimal Classifications

000

Generalities

Computers

Computer programming and Computer language

Artificial intelligence

004

005 – 006

006

500
Sciences and Mathematics

Science experiments

Mathematics

507.8

510

600
Technologies and Applied Sciences

Engineering & allied operations

Electronics

620

621.38

790
Recreational & performing arts

Computer games

794.8

Abstracts

· Applied Science and Technology Abstracts
Although this H.W. Wilson Company resource must be accessed through a subscription it is worth mentioning because of its range of information. It covers over 485 science and technology publications, has over a million abstract records, dating from 1993.
To find out more about Applied Science and Technology Abstracts, see Dialog’s Bluesheet accessed at: http://library.dialog.com/bluesheets/html/bl0099.html
and from H.W. Wilson’s site: http://www.hwwilson.com/dd/ast_a.htm.

· Scientific Network and Information Network (STINET).
Funding contracts are often provided by the military to universities and other professional organizations capable of fulfilling adequate AI/Machine Learning research. The STINET site offers access to citations (including abstracts) of unclassified defense research documents. Many of the records are available in full-text. Indexing coverage begins from 1974.
Accessed at: http://stinet.dtic.mil/.

ScienceDirect (Elsevier)
Competent, extensive and easily searchable tool available online. As a “guest user,” searchers can locate an extensive collection of abstracts on science related topics by using the “Quick Search” feature. Searches can be defined by branches or scientific topics offered. Database and journal searching is limited; for full access user must be a subscriber. ScienceDirect also offers alerts.
Accessed at: http://info.sciencedirect.com/
To see Guest Features: http://info.sciencedirect.com/licensing/access/guest_user/.
Scirus
This online resource claims to be “the most comprehensive science-specific search engine on the Internet,” and it seems to be true. It is a powerful database which offers access to abstracts and citations from many resources, including: BioMed, PubMed, Lexis/Nexis, SIAM, NASA, MIT OpenCourseWare, Institute of Physics, Project Euclid (math and statistics), Crystallography Journals, and CogPrints (cognitive sciences).
Accessed at: http://www.scirus.com.

Alerting Services

Association for Computing Machinery (The First Society in Computing)
This organization is a world unto itself. There are incredible amounts of historical information, experiences from well-established members, and vast resources (including free online IT courses) to tap into. Membership is inexpensive for students. The organization was founded in 1947.
Accessed at: http://www.acm.org/.
Engineering Information
Owned by Elsevier, this online resource offers alerts to their updates and their press releases. Since they are actively involved with ScienceDirect and all areas of engineering, scope of information is impressive. Through Engineering Village 2, user will be alerted to much information through their vast scope of resources (see “Web Sites” in this document). Requires registration, but it is free. Once registered, the user may also use the search engine through Compendex.
Accessed at: http://www.ei.org/.
IEEE Computer Society
Through the prestigious IEEE, the Computer Society offers a wealth of contacts and information. The organization was founded in 1946 and has over 100,000 members. The site can be used to search for conferences and other information without having to be a member, but membership offers many benefits including their publication, Computer Magazine.
Accessed at: http://www.computer.org/portal/site/ieeecs/.
IEEEXplore
This association (related to IEEE) offers quality information about conferences, proceedings, research and publications. It provides alerts, when registered.
Accessed at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/guesthome.jsp.
American Association for Artificial Intelligence
Founded in 1979, this organization offers information about conferences, movers and shakers in the field (awards), access to lists of publications including its own AI Magazine, current and past lists of meetings and conferences, and other helpful networking and organizational resources.
Accessed at: http://www.aaai.org/.
ScienceDirect (Elsevier)
ScienceDirect offers alerts to “New, Changed, and Discontinued Titles,” and for the SD newsletter. Both altering services are free, and the registration form is brief.
Accessed at: http://info.sciencedirect.com/.
To see Guest Features: http://info.sciencedirect.com/licensing/access/guest_user/.
Scirus
This incredible search engine for science information offers an alerting service that highlight Scirus’s features and changes in its services and in search engine technology. They promise to send one email a month; no more than that.
Accessed at: http://www.scirus.com (through: “About Us”).

Associations and Professional Societies

American Association for Artificial Intelligence
Founded in 1979, this organization offers information about conferences, movers and shakers in the field (awards), access to lists of publications, meetings and resources.
Accessed at: http://www.aaai.org/.
American Mathematical Society
Not a great resource for artificial intelligence and machine learning, but is worth mentioning since it does offer some unique linking information that the user might find helpful, if not interesting. Free to use. The membership information and mission of the organization are readily provided.
Accessed at: http://www.ams.org/.
Association for Computing Machinery (The First Society in Computing)
This organization is a world unto itself. There are incredible amounts of historical information, experiences from well-established members (over 80,000), and vast resources (including free online IT courses) to tap into. Membership is inexpensive for students. The organization was founded in 1947 and is well known for its Special Interest Groups.
Accessed at: http://www.acm.org/.
The British Computer Society
This informative organization’s site includes the Turing Digital Archive website and information from an international perspective. The central focus of the Society is aimed toward IT professionals, but there is a Specialist Group on Artificial Intelligence.
Accessed at: http://www.bcs.org/BCS/
Specialist Group on Artificial Intelligence: http://www.bcs.org/BCS/Groups/SpecialistGroups/AtoB/ArtificialIntelligence/default.htm
IEEE Computer Society
Through the prestigious IEEE, the Computer Society offers a wealth of contacts and information, including networking through membership in local Chapters. The organization was founded in 1946 and has over 100,000 members. The site can be used to search for conferences and other information without having to be a member, but membership offers many benefits including their publication, Computer Magazine.
Accessed at: http://www.computer.org/portal/site/ieeecs/.
International Association of Artificial Intelligence and Law (IAAIL)
A great resource for finding out about what is happening with legal issues and changes in the law concerning artificial intelligence (such as “legal knowledge and information systems” and “egovernment and AI”).
Accessed at: http://www.iaail.org.

Computer Science Technical Reports

Stanford University’s Guide to Computer Science Technical Reports and Technical Notes
This online resource provides access to the largest technical report section in computer science, free and easily accessible and is primarily organized by decade.
Accessed at: http://www-db.stanford.edu/TR/.

Carnegie Mellon Computer Science Technical Report Collection
A large resource of computer science technical reports, offered free, online primarily by year, consistently since 1995.
Accessed at: http://reports-archive.adm.cs.cmu.edu/cs.html.

Conferences, Meetings, Symposiums

Association for Computing Machinery (The First Society in Computing)
ACM is involved in an amazing amount of conferences, meetings, and interactivities from its well-established members and community sciences, and offers conference proceedings as well. Membership is international and large; there are many conferences offered every month and are listed on the ACM Calendar of Events.
Accessed at: http://www.acm.org/events.
GreatMindsWorking
This site could be easily used for conference information and papers, and meetings.
Accessed at: http://greatmindsworking.com/.
IEEE Computer Society
Through the prestigious IEEE, the Computer Society offers a wealth of contacts and information. The organization was founded in 1946 and has over 100,000 members. The site can be used to search for conferences and other information without having to be a member, but membership offers many benefits including their publication, Computer Magazine, plus discounts for conferences and symposiums.
Accessed at: http://www.computer.org/portal/site/ieeecs/.

Databases

· Association for Computing Machinery (The First Society in Computing)
Digital Library
ACM is involved in an amazing amount of conferences, meetings, and interactivities from its well-established members and large community. Using the Portal, the ACM Digital Library, users can access full-text articles published by ACM (they have seven types of ACM Journals and ten ACM magazines specializing in various branches of the computer sciences), and offers conference proceedings as well.
Accessed at: http://www.acm.org/.

· Edinburgh Engineering Virtual Database (EEVL)
A remarkable free Web resource that offers anyone access to professional information concerning engineering, mathematics and computing. Its mission:

to provide access to quality networked engineering, mathematics and computing resources, and be the national focal point for online access to information in these subjects. It is an award-winning free service, created and run by a team of information specialists from a number of universities and institutions in the UK.

EEVL's target audience is students, staff and researchers in higher and further education, as well as anyone else working, studying or looking for information in Engineering, Mathematics and Computing.
Accessed at: http://www.eevl.ac.uk/index.htm.

Engineering Information - Compendex
Engineering Information, owned and operated by Elsevier, offers references to over 5,000 journals and conference proceedings, which provide access to over 8 million records, most of which cover present-day to 1990 (some date further back). Through its addition of INSPEC, this is a good resource for engineers of all fields. It is located on Engineering Village 2, and includes searches on InSpec, EEVL, Scirus, NTIS, Referex Engineering, LexisNexis, and Patents (USPTO). Requires registration, but is a free source. Once registered, the user may also request Alerts.
Accessed at: http://www.ei.org.
IEEE Xplore
Owned by IEEE, this database offers full text journal and magazine articles and conference proceedings since 1988. It is a very large database, accessing IEEE/IEE’s resources. There are close to 600,000 articles from 12,000 publications. It also provides access to INSPEC, another database.
Accessed at: http://www.computer.org/portal/site/csdl/index.jsp.
To begin searching on the Digital Library: http://search2.computer.org/advanced/simplesearch.jsp?DL=yes.

National Patent and Trade
Full page patent information since 1790 makes this free online site an important resource for research concerning the development of the Artificial Intelligence and machine learning fields. Fully up-to-date and easy to use.
Accessed at: http://www.uspto.gov/.
MathSciNet
The American Mathematical Society’s site offers targeting searching for mathematical literature published since 1940. It also has bibliographic information and mathematical literature reviews, current topics and links to many other math Web sites.
Accessed at: http://www.ams.org/mathscinet.
ScienceDirect (Elsevier)
Competent, extensive and easily searchable tool available online. As a “guest user,” searchers can locate a limited number of journals on science related topics, such as the AEU International Journal of Electronics and Communications. Database and journal searching is limited (must be a subscriber) but gives a surprising amount of information for the non-subscriber.
Accessed at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/.
Science.gov
Science.gov explains that it has indexed:

“over 1,700 websites and databases. Each of the 12 participating agencies has selected resources, including research and development results, from within their agency for inclusion. New resources are added to the science.gov website search every six weeks, creating a large cross-section of federal science resources. This information is automatically searched during a Simple Search and is automatically selected for an Advanced Search, although you may deselect it. The science.gov website search is a joint representation of the federal science agencies’ authoritative information resources.”

This online resource includes subject categories, such as Applied Science and Technologies, which consists of NIST, USPTO (Patents), DefenseLINK, and STINET, a defense technical information center.
Accessed at: http://www.science.gov

· Scirus
An incredible free search engine for science-related information, Scirus is easy and powerful. The range of returns is vast. As of December, 2005 reports covering over 200 million Web pages. These include scholarly journals from 59 million .edu sites.
Accessed at: http:// http://www.scirus.com.

Dictionaries/Glossaries

· Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
As well-known as the print resource, this online dictionary is a reliable and quick source of scientific and mathematical terms, including pronunciations. The dictionary links to its thesaurus and to Britannica.com for other ways in which to view the definition of a term or word.
Accessed at: http://www.m-w.com/

· McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms
As a print resource, this provides the user with comprehensive definitions and understandable information concerning every conceivable scientific and technical term. It can be accessed online through a free trial on the AccessScience Web site, or users can access through libraries who subscribe for their services.
Accessed (for free 30-day trial) at: http://www.accessscience.com/FreeTrial/.

· Free on-line dictionary of computing (FOLDOC) is a no-frills specialty dictionary focused upon the computer sciences.
Accessed at: http://wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/index.html.

· Microsoft Computer Dictionary, 5^th ed. Seattle, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2002.
This resource is handy for introductory information to computer jargon and understanding terms used by those immersed in the field. There are over 10,000 entries in the Fifth edition, with terms and software concepts well explained.

Directories

Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists, 2^nd ed. (2 vols.). Philadelphia: Institute of Physics, 1994.
This source provides volumes of facts about prominent scientists of history. It is easy to use, and the scope of coverage is impressive.
Cambridge Dictionary of Scientists, 2^nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
As a resource, this dictionary is actually like a brief encyclopedia of biographies, including illustrations, portraits, maps and highlights Nobel Prize winners.
Front for the Mathematics
This free online resource is easy to use as a directory which links to information about many journals pertinent to the field.
Accessed at: http://front.math.ucdavis.edu/journals.
History of Mathematics
This site offers many links to relevant mathematicians’ information. The Mac Tutor History of Mathematics archive includes much information and biographies. The BUBL History of Mathematics claims to be a “Catalogue of Internet Resources” for anyone interested in knowing more about mathematics and mathematicians who have made history, past or present. It is an impressive compilation of resources.
Accessed at: http://bubl.ac.uk/link/h/historyofmathematics.htm.
Librarian’s Resource Centre
A huge resource provided free through the Canadian Government, this site offers an online encyclopedia, almanac, many dictionaries, and other ready reference resources, as well as links to hundreds of sites in subject areas including the computer sciences. A tremendous directory-style resource.
Accessed at: http://www.sla.org/chapter/ctor/resources/lrc/cover.htm.
Open Directory – Computers: Artificial Intelligence
An impressive compilation of information for accessing information concerning anything about the field of artificial intelligence and related subjects (computer sciences). DMOZ is known for work on accessible information that is “human edited.” There are links to UseNet groups as well.
Accessed at: http://dmoz.org/Computers/Artificial_Intelligence/

Who’s Who in Electronics & Computer Science, 5^th ed. Connecticut: Research Publications, Inc., 1986.

and,
Who’s Who in Technology, 5^th ed., (7 vols.). Connecticut: Research Publications, Inc., 1986.
Both of these reference volumes provide comprehensive resources to backgrounds of key figures in the fields. The information highlights career, education, patents, publications, honors, organizations and achievements. Interestingly, some personal information regarding birth date and location, marital status and number of children (and their names) are also included.

Encyclopedias

· Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (24 vols.). New York: Wiley, 1999.
A specialized print resource that covers every aspect of electrical engineering; most of the information is pertinent as a foundation for study and research, from applications of circuitry to robotics. It can also be found online through Wiley InterScience’s portal.

· Encyclopedia of Software Engineering (2 vols.). New York: Wiley, 2002.
This reference resource offers surprisingly in-depth information for a 2-volume set. The concise wording provides current information in an organization that is easy to access. A bibliography is listed at the end of most topics. Diagrams and illustrations are included, as well as a complete index. Computing Reviews states that this resource is "...the most comprehensive reference for software engineering...suitable for libraries..." (Association for Computing Machinery, 2005).

· McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 9^th ed. (20 vols.). Columbus: Ohio, 2002.
As a print source and available online through such databases as AccessScience. This resource offers introductions to the fields with general information, as well as study guides and learning resources. The print source is updated annually, keeping the information current and reliable. This work is impressive in its appeal and range, and the company’s ability to stay current with such as massive work.

· Van Nostrand’s Scientific Encyclopedia, 9^th ed. (2 vols.). New York: Wiley, 2002.
These large reference resource books are well-known for their large areas of coverage over the majority of sciences, including computer science (a large topic in itself). As a resource, it provides information that is quick and easy to find.

Guides to the Literature

Recommended General Guides (for Science, Engineering, Technology)

Hurt, C.D. (1998). Information sources in science and technology. 3^rd ed. Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited.
One of the more well-known guides, this resource targets specific topics within the sciences, and offers many print and web options (annotated lists).
Thomas, B.J. (1997). The Internet for Scientists and Engineers: Online Tools and Resources. 3^rd ed. Bellingham, WA: Society of Photo-Optical Engineering Press.
Although dated almost ten years ago, much of the information regarding the internet, email, and discussion groups is still pertinent. There are many links listed regarding the computer sciences, engineering and mathematics (as well as other sciences).

Handbook Resource

· Knovel: Engineering and Scientific Online References
This database provides vast amounts of information concerning engineering and applied science, including definitions and formulas. To use Knovel, one must be a subscriber but they offer a free trial.
Accessed at: http://www.knovel.com/knovel2/default.jsp

Index Resource

· ISI Highly Cited Researchers
This free site offers links to finding top researchers in the sciences today, categorized by subject – such as Computer Science.
Accessed at: http://www.isihighlycited.com/.

Journals

· American Mathematical Society
Not a great resource for free access to journals, but it does offer search capabilities and citations. If a member, the benefits include access to a wide range of journals as well as information about research and networking with the society. The membership information and mission of the organization are readily provided.
Accessed at: http://www.ams.org/.
Journals are accessed at: http://www.ams.org/journals/.

· The Computer. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
A publication by the British Computer Society, this comprehensive journal offers top information directly from the scientists and researchers, including lectures and discussions. Among the many topics with the computer sciences, it covers math (computer languages), telecommunications, software and hardware, issues in information sharing and storage, and artificial intelligence.
Accessed online at: www.comjnl.oxfordjournals.org.

· Journal of Machine Learning Research. Boston: MIT Press.
According to its Web site, the Journal of Machine Learning Research, “provides an international forum for the electronic and paper publication of high-quality scholarly articles in all areas of machine learning.”
Accessed online at: http://jmlr.csail.mit.edu/.

· NewScientist: Science and Technology News. UK: Reed Business Information, Ltd.
International in scope, this publication offers impressively in-depth articles concerning topics and trends in the sciences. It also has job listings from around the world. Subscription costs 51USD for 1 year; student discounts are offered.
Accessed online at: http://www.newscientist.com/home.ns

· Scientific American. New York: Munn & Co
Impressive in presentation and scope, this publication offers popular science information to the general public. Slick and colorful on its site as well as in printed form, it appeals to anyone even slightly interested in what is happening in the world of the sciences, from biological to technological. Subscription costs 24.95USD for 12 issues/1 year.
Accessed online at: http://www.scientificamerican.com/

Web Sites, Blogs, ListServes, and Forums

· A-I Forum
Artificial Intelligence research is ongoing – the development of a functioning, interactive program which learns from its environment takes years of experience with a variety of stimuli. A-I.com offers a Public Forum and Open Lab Community to encourage further participation with AI research through “training” Alan and HAL (nursery), and to discuss questions such as “What is a thinking machine?” and “Will there ever really be one?” with other members of the community.
Accessed at: http://lab.a-i.com/.

· A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence
This Web site, overseen by Carol McKenna Hamilton, offers an historical timeline concerning the research and development of AI, with many links to names, places and articles. It is provided by the American Association for Artificial Intelligence..
Accessed at: http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/bbhist.html.

· Edinburgh Engineering Virtual Library (EEVL):
A remarkable free Web resource that offers anyone access to professional information concerning engineering, mathematics and computing. Its mission:

The Game AI Page: Building Artificial Intelligence into Games
There is a lot of association between games and AI, so a top site should be included in this Guide. Games are highlighted, as well as research and links to sources of information. An ongoing forum offers much networking within the field. This site allows developers the chance to showcase their work, get feedback, and work with their games in an active setting.
Accessed at: http://www.gameai.com/.

· Google Directory – Computers/Artificial Intelligence
Excellent online directory which links to a wide range of topics organized by subject, such as machine learning, conferences, philosophy, genetic programming – all under the field of artificial intelligence.
Accessed at: http://directory.google.com/Top/Computers/Artificial_Intelligence.

· GreatMindsWorking
This site could be easily used for conference information, conference papers and networking.
Accessed at: http://greatmindsworking.com/.

· International Association of Artificial Intelligence and Law (IAAIL)
A great site for finding out about what is happening with legal issues and changes in the law concerning artificial intelligence (such as “legal knowledge and information systems” and “egovernment and AI”).
Accessed at: http://www.iaail.org

· International Journal of Computational Intelligence (IJCI)
A web resource that showcases the professional journal, Enformatika. The company also sponsors conferences.
Accessed at: http://www.enformatika.org/

· Librarian’s Resource Centre
A huge resource provided free through the Canadian Government, this site offers an online encyclopedia, almanac, many dictionaries, and other ready reference resources, as well as links to hundreds of sites in subject areas including the computer sciences. A tremendous directory-style resource.
Accessed at: http://www.sla.org/chapter/ctor/resources/lrc/cover.htm.

· MIT AI Lab Research Projects
One of the leaders in artificial intelligence research, MIT offers current information through their site.
Accessed at: http://www.csail.mit.edu/index.php

· Mathworld.Wolfram.com
Mathworld offers an amazing source of mathematical information, including formulas and mathematical equations; it is not for the beginning math student. It was compiled by Eric Weisstein, and is a complete, comprehensive mathematical resource. It is sponsored by Wolfram Research, Inc., the makers of Mathematica (a software package for doing mathematics).
Accessed at: http://www.treasure-troves.com/math/.

· National Patent and Trade
Full page patent information since 1790 makes this free online site an important resource for research concerning the development of the Artificial Intelligence and machine learning fields. Fully up-to-date and easy to use.
Accessed at: http://www.uspto.gov/.

· ScienceDaily
Definitely a “popular science” type of site, but is easily and freely accessed and offers a wide range of information, linked to news sources and trends in the science and technology fields. Usable for the “unscientific” mind, it was created in 1995 and the office is housed in Chevy Chase, Maryland.
Accessed at: http://www.sciencedaily.com

· Science.gov
From the Web site, Science.gov explains that it:
includes over 1,700 websites and databases. Each of the 12 participating agencies has selected resources, including research and development results, from within their agency for inclusion. New resources are added to the science.gov website search every six weeks, creating a large cross-section of federal science resources. This information is automatically searched during a Simple Search and is automatically selected for an Advanced Search, although you may deselect it. The science.gov website search is a joint representation of the federal science agencies’ authoritative information resources.

This resource includes subject categories, such as Applied Science and Technologies, which consists of:

DefenseLINK	Defense Department current and archived military sciences information
NIST DataGateway	Search the National Institute of Standards and Technology Gateway to gain access to NIST databases
NIST Publications	Recent and forthcoming publications from the National Institute of Standards and Technology
STINET Report Collection	Defense Technical Information Center unclassified documents and citations
U.S. Patent Server	Web site of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office

Accessed at: http://www.science.gov

59 million .edu sites

18 million .org sites

6.8 million .ac.uk sites

18.6 million .com sites

5 million .gov sites

Accessed at: http:// http://www.scirus.com

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Well-known for space exploration and development of resources related to space exploration, this Web site has information that extends beyond information about its flight missions and Hubble images (although they are outstanding). NASA’s site also has a searchable “Spin-Off” magazine available online. This provides resources for those interested in AI and machine learning, especially regarding research and development and partnering with government/military and academic facilities. All NASA documents are provided freely.
Accessed at: http://www.nasa.gov/home/index.html.
NASA’s Technology Portal (includes streaming video): http://nasatechnology.nasa.gov/?ntpo=1&CFID=201476&CFTOKEN=10338143
NASA’s site for Researchers: http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forresearchers/features/index.html

National Technical Information Service
This government site claims to be

the largest, central resource for government-funded scientific, technical, engineering, and business related information available today.

Based out of Virginia, the NTIS has indexed over 3 million publications in over 350 subject areas, including computer science and its sub-categories. When searching, the user will locate a title and brief description with the option to purchase the complete publication.
Accessed at: http://www.ntis.gov/.

Conclusion

     There are many resources available to the information seeker of artificial intelligence and machine learning; many more than this Guide offers (especially if the user has access to paid professional subscriptions through an academic or corporate portal). This field is extremely active. The variety of ways in which to participate in AI/machine learning research and development are vast; the communities are buzzing in an environment of technological advances.

     Researching this topic has been a thrilling, eye-opening experience. The subject is so vibrant with new information that the excitement of the research and development is contagious. Implications of how these technological advances will affect every human life are vast, but undoubtedly mostly wonderful. This is a field that is attentive to how humans think and learn. The more we understand behavior, the better we will work toward creating incredible enhancements for living and growing, for raising children and obtaining an education, for travel, medicine and, of course, leisure activities. Most of all, understanding of human behavior helps us focus upon the betterment of ourselves.

     Computer scientists and engineers are show-casing and sharing their work through many forums, Web sites, articles, patents, conferences and competitions. The information seeker has only to define the sources further so as to not become overwhelmed by the incredible amount of information, or distracted by the incredible developments being made now that will dramatically affect our lives in the very near future. Looking behind the scenes (for example, at the Open Lab experiments at A-I Community) provide a glimpse of next level of research in this field. Participation is encouraged.

Footnotes

1. Golem: from J. Trachtenberg, Jewish Magic and Superstition (1939, repr. 1961); M. Idel, Golem (1989).

Answers.com (found at http://www.answers.com /library/encyclopedia) offered the following brief explanation:

Golem (gō'ləm) [Heb.,=an undeveloped lump], in medieval Jewish legend, an automatonlike servant made of clay and given life by means of a charm, or shem [Heb.,=name, or the name of God]. Golems were attributed in Jewish legend to several rabbis in different European countries. The most famous legend centered around Rabbi Löw, of 16th-century Prague. After molding the golem and endowing it with life, Rabbi Löw was forced to destroy the clay creature after it ran amok.

2. The Analytical Engine

Fourmilab Switzerland, from http://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/ This site is developed and maintained by John Walker, founder of Autodesk, Inc. and co-author of AutoCAD.

Information about Babbage’s Analytical Machine and what is left of it is in the Science Museum in London, also found online at: http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/collections/subject_themes/computing.asp

For a look at Babbage’s Analytical Machine - see http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/babbage/page5.asp

3. Leonardo Torres y Quevedo – biography found at:

The History of Computing Project http://www.thocp.net/index.htm and specifically at http://www.thocp.net/biographies/biographies2.htm.

4. Turing test: According to Hogan, Turing “had always exhibited a playful streak – the Turing test itself was an adaptation of an English parlor game” (Mind matters, p.99).

5. Much of the work in AI retreated out of the public eye until recently, according to Robert Boyd. This period of time is referred to as the “AI Winter.”

Boyd, R. (2005). Machines are catching up with human intelligence. Knight Ridder Newspapers, Washington. October 25, 2005.

6. “And it worked far better than Weizenbaum had ever dreamed possible,” stated Hogan. “Very soon, people – including computer experts, who, one would think, should have known better – were pouring out intimate details of their lives and in some cases becoming emotionally involved with the machine.” (Mind matters, p. 209).

Weizenbaum wanted to see how far humans would go in accepting ELIZA as a psychoanalyst, and was amazed at her overall popularity. She is still accessible, online at: http://www-ai.ijs.si/eliza/eliza.html (a javascript-based version).

For more information about ELIZA, see Joseph Weizenbaum’s article, “Eliza – a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine,” online at: http://i5.nyu.edu/~mm64/x52.9265/january1966.html. Retrieved on November 25, 2005.

7. Alan and other AI chatterbots are available online for conversations at:
http://www.a-i.com. Some of the profiles offered can be “trained” by the public.

8. When searching for patent information, see the National Patent and Trade Office’s Web site at: http://patft.uspto.gov/netahtml/search-bool.html.

Using the defining search terms, “artificial intelligence” and “machine learning,” the NSPTO revealed 326 issued patents since 1976 (retrieved on November 15, 2005 from the NSPTO Web site at: http://www.uspto.gov/).

9. Boyd, R. (2005). Machines are catching up with human intelligence. Knight Ridder Newspapers, Washington. October 25, 2005.

10. Tenopir, C. & King, D. (2004). Communication patterns of engineers, Chapter 5: Engineers’ information seeking and use. Institute of Electrical Electronic Engineers.

11. This informal conversation took place on October 28, 2005 with a chemical engineer with DuPont in Delaware.

Acknowledgements

Two major academic libraries provided much information for this guide’s resources:

University of Delaware’s Morris Library, in Newark, Delaware.

Drexel University’s Hagerty Library (online). Drexel is located in Philadelphia, PA.

Without these two libraries and the information and guidance from the course lectures, web resources, readings, and organization of materials, and the consistent encouragement from our professor Missy Harvey (from Carnegie Mellon), the Guide to Resources in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning would not have been accomplished.