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Review of the Literature Part Two
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Click here for Part One

A Review of the Literature
of Information Seeking Behaviors
and Needs
of Young Adults

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Fall, 2004
Information resources and services, II
Cathay Crosby



Outline (for Part Two)

IV.    Annotated resources
        (Selected for the young adult user group and for
          the librarian serving the young adult user group)

V.      Citation diagram

VI.        Keywords



VII.  Footnotes

VIII.   References

IV. Annotated Resources

(Selected for the public librarian serving the young adult user group and for the young adult user group seeking reference resources)

Ten Resources Librarians Use for Serving Young Adults

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.). (2000).  Boston, MA:  Houghton Mifflin Company.

An alphabetical listing of commonly- and uncommonly-used words, which include pronunciations, grammar, and other similar language tools.  This version of the dictionary seems a little more comprehensive than others, and is more portable than the Oxford set. 

 

 

 

Chronicle of America.  (1993).  Missouri: JL International Publishing. 

This resource offers an illustrated guide to highlights in American/United States history, organized by date.  The format is similar to newspaper style columns with headlines.

 

Chronicle of the World.  (1989).  New York, NY:  Simon & Schuster,

Inc.  An overview of historical and sociological facts, organized for ease by date.  This resource includes many illustrations.

 

Contemporary Black Biography:  Profiles from the International Black Community.  (1992).  Detroit, MI:  Gale Research, Inc.
Biographical listings organized alphabetically, which include African Americans from many careers and walks of life.  Each profile offers a photograph and a sidebar called, “At a Glance.”  Sources listed at the end of each biographical listing offer the researcher leads to more information.

 

Encyclopedia of World Facts and Dates.  (1993).  New York, NY:  Harper Collins Publishers, Inc.

From year 7000 BC to the present, this resource highlights events which include vital statistics, demographics, politics and war, economy, science and technology, arts, leisure sports and games.  The Index is located in the last third of the book and is very useful in targeting information.

 

 Information Series on Current Topics:  Information Plus Reference Series.  (2004).  Detroit, MI:  Gale Group, Inc.


Each volume in this series is a complete book which offers comprehensive information about current (and often controversial) topics, such as AIDS, animal rights, energy, crime, education, nutrition, illegal drugs and gun control.  Volumes range in date from 2002 through 2004.

 

 

Oxford Atlas of the World  (11th ed.).  (2003).  New York, NY:  Oxford University Press.


This atlas is an oversized resource which offers many views of the world and its countries.  Highlights include world statistics broken down into subcatagories; countries (by name), physical dimensions, regions in the news, images of Earth (satellite images are precise and stunning).  Similar to an almanac, this atlas has quick facts about the countries (flags, populations).  There is also information about our Solar System.

 

School Library Journal magazine.  (Monthly).  New York, NY:  Reed Elsevier, Inc.

This publication reaches school and public librarians throughout the United States, offering relevant information about child and young adult books, book reviews, and related topics of interest.  (It’s parent magazine, founded in 1954, is Library Journal).  Also online at:  http://www.schoollibraryjournal.com/.

 

World Almanac and Book of Facts.  (2004).  New York, NY:  World Almanac Group, Inc.
Features current information about headlined news (“Year in Review”), economy, history, brief information about noted personalities, entertainment, U.S. cities, states, population, science and computers (technology), and sports.

 

World Book Encyclopedia.  (2004).  Chicago, IL: World Book, Inc.

The complete set offers overviews of alphabetized topics, which include places, events, people, historical facts and figures, and discussions of issues.
     The Research Guide/Index (Volume 22) includes a comprehensive guide to doing research in the library.

Voice of Youth Advocates magazine.  Monthly.  Lanham, MD:  Scarecrow Press, Inc.
Timely articles which offer book reviews, book lists for recommended readings, events for teens (such as Teen Read Week), and a sharing of teen programs and articles that may offer the YA librarian insight to this user group’s specific needs and how other libraries are assessing and addressing them.

 

Young Adult Library Services Association.

http://www.ala.org/ala/yalsa/yalsa.htm.  (Soon, domain name will be:  http://www.yalsa.org.)
Booklists and Book Awards offer up to date information about recommended readings for young adults.  YALSA also has “Teens Top Ten,” “Selected DVDS and Videos,” and award winners.

 

 

Ten reference Resources Young Adults use

 

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.). (2000).  Boston, MA:  Houghton Mifflin Company.
An alphabetical listing of commonly- and uncommonly-used words, which include pronunciations, grammar, and other similar language tools.  This version of the dictionary seems a little more comprehensive than others, and is more portable than the Oxford set. 

 

AskUsNow:  a 24/7 Live Online Library Service.  Online at:  http://www.askusnow.info/
And through the Cecil County Public Library’s website:  http://www.ebranch.cecil.lib.md.us.  
A few young adults have told me that this is a helpful homework resource in a format that is familiar with this user group (chat).

Biography Today.  (2002).  Detroit, MI:  Omnigraphics, Inc.

Features easy-to-read biographies about people who have made and are making headlines.  These include popular sports figures, musicians and vocalists, actors and writers.

 

Cecil County Public Library Catalog.  Online at:  http://www.ebranch.cecil.lib.md.us.

The electronic catalog serves young adults with a way to find and place holds on books and library materials independently.  It also offers brief information concerning books that can be useful for reports.  This service can be accessed from outside the library buildings.

 

EBSCO, a magazine database.  Online through the Cecil County Public Library website:  http://www.ebranch.cecil.lib.md.us (through “Magazines and Databases”).  EBSCO offers many journals with which to search effectively in a simplified manner (subject, title, author – similar to catalog searching).  This service is provided free of charge and can be accessed from outside the library buildings.

 

 

Encarta Reference Library.  (2004).  Redmond, WA:  Microsoft Corporation.

This incredible, multifaceted and interactive encyclopedia offers current and a vast amount of information on a wide variety of subjects.  The formats include a multimedia encyclopedia, an atlas and research tools.  Features include Homework Help, Literature Guide, Timelines and some music history.

 

Google.  Online at:  http://www.google.com. 
Young adults/teens are familiar with and use Google everyday.  Using keywords, it provides access to a tremendous array of information, not always accurate and often not relevant, but is useful enough to continue to be accessed and relied upon as a resource.  Google has recently added “Google Scholar” – a feature that may catch on with young adults seeking academic reports and research.

 

Cecil Whig Daily Newspaper (Daily).  McLean, VA:  Gannett Co., Inc. 

This is the daily newspaper for the Cecil County region.  It primarily focuses upon local news, and brings in national and international features and headlines mostly from the Associated Press.  Teens tend to use this resource more than any other newspaper for social reasons (i.e., middle and high school sports) and school assignments.

 

 Oxford Atlas of the World  (11th ed.).  (2003).  New York, NY:  Oxford University Press.

This atlas is an oversized resource which offers many views of the world and its countries.  Highlights include world statistics broken down into subcatagories; countries (by name), physical dimensions, regions in the news, images of Earth (satellite images are precise and stunning).  Similar to an almanac, this atlas has quick facts about the countries (flags, populations).  There is also information about our Solar System.  Teens tend to use this resource more than other atlases (my guess is because it is the one on top of the case).

 

World Almanac and Book of Facts.  (2004).  New York, NY:  World Almanac Group, Inc.
Features current information about headlined news (“Year in Review”), economy, history, brief information about noted personalities, entertainment, U.S. cities, states, population, science and computers (technology), and sports.  Teens are taught to use this resource from an early age in school – it is brief and offers quick information. 

 

 

World Book Encyclopedia.  (2004).  Chicago, IL: World Book, Inc.

The complete set offers overviews of alphabetized topics, which include places, events, people, historical facts and figures, and discussions of issues.
The Research Guide/Index (Volume 22) includes a comprehensive guide to doing research in the library.  When asked, some young adults will tell me that they actually prefer printed works more than online options primarily for encyclopedias and dictionaries.

v.

V. Citation Diagram

Information Seeking Behaviors and Needs of Young Adults

Resources

Annotations

Primary Keyword (use Boolean "or")

AND or WITH

Secondary Keyword (Use Boolean "or"):

AND or WITH

Additional Keywords:

Teens or Teenagers

Young Adults

Adolescent(s)

Youth

 

User behavior

Library service or use

Information seeking behavior

Public library

 

Homework help, research

Technology

Internet searching, seeking

Web, Online searching

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

After-school and community technology education programs for low-income families

Free access to public library computers and the internet has had a positive impact on low-income communities.  Because of the initial affect and of the early documentation to substantiate the benefits, technological programs (such as Internet literacy) to youth and families have increased.  This includes after-school programs, but also a focus on the whole family. 

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Ain’t misbehavin’:  doin’ what comes naturally with teens in libraries

This is a viable report about experiences in a public library with young adults and co-workers.  Overcoming negative stereotypes and preconceived notions about teens make it difficult for this age group to receive respect or be treated with the same seriousness as an adult patron.  The author points out that while this is a huge challenge, it is not impossible

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Bounded rationality and satisficing in young people's web-based decision making

Based upon Simon's theory, this study focused upon how a group, mostly female 14 to 16 year olds, responded to specific web searching tasks.  Insight is gained as to user behavior when viewed through this process, such as the teens' realization that searching for accurate information using a major search engine brings up a lot of "junk."

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Resources

Annotations

Teens or Teenagers

Young Adults

Adolescent(s)

Youth

And or WITH

User behavior

Library service or use

Information seeking behavior

Public library

AND or WITH

Homework help, research

Technology

Internet searching, seeking

Web, Online searching

The coolness factor:  Ten libraries listen to youth

During the months between November 1998 and May 1999, interviewers approached teens in ten urban public libraries and on street corners to ask their opinions of libraries, library services and customer service to their age group.  One of the primary focuses of the survey was library technology and online services.  Not surprisingly, three-quarters of the teens made it clear that quality computer access was a high priority.  The other suggestions within this survey are highly relevant to quality customer service to this age group.

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Current research related to young adult services

Targeting current field studies, this guide is a good reference for pertinent research being done to understand young adult user behavior in a variety of settings, from homeschoolers to school library media centers to public libraries.  One study focused upon how librarians help ninth-graders become information seekers.  Most of the studies include both academic and personal contexts, but are primarily looking at homework help and how to obtain adequate research.

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A cyber-room of their own:  How libraries use web pages to attract young adults

An expert in the field of young adults, Patrick Jones recommends using a library resource such as a web site in the same way the physical library would think of using a space set aside just for young adults.  In particular, it is important to remember that young adults desire their own “look” when it comes to creating spaces just for them.  Jones also includes screen shots of web pages as examples, reasons for using the web to attract young adults, and how to make this work in a busy library setting.

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Resources

Annotations

Teens or Teenagers

Young Adults

Adolescent(s)

Youth

And or WITH

User behavior

Library service or use

Information seeking behavior

Public library

AND or WITH

Homework help, research

Technology

Internet searching, seeking

Web, Online searching

Kids & Computers:  Selected Results from Colorado Public Libraries & the Digital Divide

Article highlights research results from a public library user survey that targeted patron computer use (specifically, for Colorado Public Libraries).  Out of the 1,900 patrons that were surveyed, 175 were considered children or teens (under the age of 18).  Findings suggest that the majority of children and young adults (more than 75%) use the public libraries because it was there they could have access to computers.   An interesting highlight included a focus upon how adults are being taught computer skills by this age group.

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Learning in digital libraries:  An information search process approach

Kuhlthau has great insight about the information seeking behavior of children and young adults.  She asserts that the influx of technology has not only provided an environment for research, but discusses how this has transformed libraries in a few ways.  The internet itself goes beyond the walls of any building and embraces the community.  The librarian's role is to actively guide and direct the digital library users along the information search process.

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Libraries and the internet

Although this article is a little dated, the recommendations are pertinent even a decade later.   The political climate from the US government to the local level has a direct influence on public library goals.   The welcomed embrace of the internet by the public, especially by young adults, was easily foreseen. The article points out that since libraries are leaders in the communities, they therefore must adapt to the growing technological demands of the public.  The impact of the internet on libraries was and continues to be tremendous.

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Resources

Annotations

Teens or Teenagers

Young Adults

Adolescent(s)

Youth

And or WITH

User behavior

Library service or use

Information seeking behavior

Public library

AND or WITH

Homework help, research

Technology

Internet searching, seeking

Web, Online searching

New directions for library service to young adults

This brief book consists of concise information for the young adult librarian, including arguments for championing young adults to colleagues.  The appendices are incredibly informative and cover a wide array of topics, from general developmental processes of young adults to guidelines for how to initiate teen involvement in the public library.  This is a tremendous resource for any librarian who works with teens – the clarifying insight Jones gives to the subject is thorough and thought-provoking. 

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New directions for serving young adults means building more than our collections

This is an updated account of the impact teens have and will have on public libraries in the future, including an upsurge in information seeking using technology and electronic resources.  Jones acknowledges the difficulties in meeting this challenge for school and public libraries.  He criticises the immediate future projections that there will be a shortage of adequate school library media specialists.  His outline of how library services should look like in the next five to ten years is detailed and optimistic.

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Public library websites for young adults:  Meeting the needs of today’s teens online

Timely report concerning the user behavior of young adults in public libraries.  Specifically, the article examines the importance of recognizing the need for interactivity with teens online, and in regard to the development of web resources.  One mentionable section, “Use of the Internet by Teenagers,” offers substantial information about the impact young adults have on the internet, their internet use nation-wide, and the top ten reasons why they use the internet.   As the report also indicates, teen involvement in library decisions concerning web sites/pages devoted to their needs (and it is pointed out that many of these needs are social) is crucial.  Other authors’ works and survey reports are cited, with references to Patrick Jones, Drexel’s Denise Agosto, and YALSA among many others.

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Resources

Annotations

Teens or Teenagers

Young Adults

Adolescent(s)

Youth

And or WITH

User behavior

Library service or use

Information seeking behavior

Public library

AND or WITH

Homework help, research

Technology

Internet searching, seeking

Web, Online searching

Reference and information services for young adults

This article is a compilation of the findings of a research study of public libraries in New Jersey regarding the services to young adults.  Their definition of young adults begins from age 10 and extends to age 19, and the point is made that this growing population group already comprises about 25% of library patronage.  Other survey reports are mentioned throughout the report.  One of the main points of contention is the fact that young adult services are often lacking in some scope; the insufficient amount of YA staff is a major reason for this deficiency.

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Teens.library:  Developing internet services for young adults.

An internet resource guide with annotations and information particular to the needs of young adults.  This book is aimed toward librarians who specialize in young adult services, including web design and library computer resources.  As a resource for many libraries, teen use of library computers (and the internet through this) has shown the need  for developing ways in which to show young adults how to effectively search online and use the programs offered for homework and personal research.  Teens.library provides many options for the library that is moving toward providing these types of services, and reasons why they need to be implemented.

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Young adults as library users:  A review of the literature

This article reiterates the finding of reports that young adults are a growing population within libraries, and that their needs are unique.  Teens have only recently been examined as a viable group for library services.  One of the not-so-surprising findings is the need for technology and access to the internet when implementing young adult library services.  The author also notes the results of surveys that young adults participated in over the last 15 years, primarily that teens see specific barriers to their active library use (such as a lack of adequate “teen friendly” space, and the rules in most libraries against food).

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Resources

Annotations

Teens or Teenagers

Young Adults

Adolescent(s)

Youth

And or WITH

User behavior

Library service or use

Information seeking behavior

Public library

AND or WITH

Homework help, research

Technology

Internet searching, seeking

Web, Online searching

The youth cybrarian’s guide to developing instructional, curriculum-related, summer reading, and recreational programs.

The author’s substantiated references to studies about young adult computer use in public libraries makes this book a good resource.  In the Preface and first chapter of the book, there is much information to be gained.  The author outlines findings advocating the need for developing policies about internet access (filtering issues),  computer classes instructing teens on how to be safe as well as find current and topical homework help information, and discussions about programs such as YA computer classes and summer reading.

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VI. Keywords

Throughout the process of gathering information, the following keywords were used to search for appropriate research and articles from scholarly and professional sources. When possible, use of Boolean phrasing and truncation options offered the greatest number of hits.  Searching through keyword free language search engines, such as Google (primarily through the Advanced Search feature) required some limiters to narrow the type of information retrieved.  ERIC, ProQuest, and similar databases provided the greatest amount of literature which was pertinent to this report.

·         Teens, teenagers

·         Young adults

·         Adolescent(s)

·         Youth

·         User behavior

·         Public library

·         Library users

·         Information seeking behavior

·         Homework help, research

·         Technology

·         Internet searching, seeking

·         Web, online searching

 

VII.  Footnotes

1.  “Born with the Chip” is a term which accurately describes this upcoming generation.  Abram and Luther further discuss what school and public libraries are beginning to comprehend; today’s teens view the world in a way most of us can only imagine.  Technology is therefore a given and is expected.

2.  Many researchers have reiterated the astounding results about how the current teen population will dramatically increase and how this will have a huge impact on libraries in the near future.  See:  Winston & Paone, Jones, the U.S. Department of Education, the U.S. Census Bureau, and the Texas State Library and Archives Commission.

3.  Note:  This teen patron had enlisted library services through Maryland’s AskUsNow online reference tool.

4.  See “Ain’t Misbehavin’:  Doin’ What Comes Naturally with Teens in Libraries by Cathi Dunn MacRae (VOYA, 22, No. 1, p. 5-7, April, 1999) for an elaboration of this common pattern. 

5.  For further reading see another study of interest which addresses adult views of teens:  How Americans Understand Teens:  Findings from Cognitive Interviews, by Axel Auburn and Joe Grady, 2000.

6. Born with the Chip (2002) can be retrieved from the Library Journal at:  http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA411572.

7.  This information is from Daniel Callison’s 2004 article entitled, Digital Divide, derived from the School Library Media Activities Monthly, 20(16), 37-41.  DeBell and Chapman also discuss the digital divide and problems related to this in their article, Computer and Internet Use by Children and Adolescents in 2001 found in the Education Statistics Quarterly 5(4).

8.   The Texas State Library and Archives Commission can be found at: http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/ld/pubs/yareadingclub/intro.html#2).  Please also refer to Footnote 2 for further references.

  

 

VIII. References

 

Abrum, Stephen & Luther, Judy (2004).  Born with the chip.  Library Journal.  Retrieved August, 2004, from http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA411572.

Agosto, Denise E. (2001).  Bounded rationality and satisficing in young people’s web-based decision making.  Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 53, 1-12.  Retrieved full-text October, 2004 from Hagerty Library Electronic Resources.

Aubrun, Axel & Grady, Joe (2000).  How Americans Understand Teens: Findings from the Cognitive Interviews.   In S Bales (ed.), Reframing Youth Issues. Washington, D.C.: Working Papers, FrameWorks Institute and Center for Communications and Community, UCLA.  Retrieved from Google Scholar, November, 2004.

Bates, Marcia J. (1989).  The design of browsing and berrypicking techniques for the online search interface.  Online Review, 13(5), 507-424.  Retrieved full-text September, 2004 from Hagerty Library Electronic Resources, class reserves.

Belkin, Nicholas J. (1980).  Anomalous states of knowledge as a basis for information retrieval.  Canadian Journal of Information Science, 5, 133-143.  Retrieved full-text September, 2004 from Hagerty Library Electronic Resources, class reserves

Braun, L. (2002).  Teens.library:  Developing internet services for young adults. Chicago:American Library Association.  Retrieved July, 2004 full-text from Hagerty Library Electronic Resources, OCLC FirstSearch.

Callison, Daniel (2004).  Digital Divide.  School Library Media Activities Monthly, 20(16), 37-41.  Retrieved full-text October, 2004 from Hagerty Library Electronic Resources.

Champelli, L.(2002).  The youth cybrarian’s guide to developing instructional, curriculum-related, summer reading, and recreational programs. New York:Neal-Schuman.

DeBell, Matthew & Chapman, Chris (2002).  Computer and Internet Use by Children and Adolescents in 2001.  Education Statistics Quarterly,5(4).  Retrieved full-text November, 2004 from the National Center for Education Statistics online at:  http://nces.ed.gov/programs/quarterly/vol_5/5_4/2_1/asp.

Durrance, Joan C. (2003).  Determining how libraries and librarians help.  Library Trends, Spring, 2003.  Retrieved full-text November, 2004 from http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1387/is_4_51/ai_105046540/

Egan, N. (2003).  Young adults as library users:  A review of the literature.  Philadelphia: College of Information Science and Technology, Drexel University.  Retrieved full-text July, 2004, from  http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~nme26/ROL.htm.

Ellis, David (1989).  A behavioural model for information retrieval system design.  Journal of Information Science, 15, 237-247.  Retrieved October, 2004 full-text from Hagerty Library Electronic Resources, class reserves.

Erikson, Erik (1963).  Erikson’s eight ages of man.  In J. William Pfeiffer, Theories and models in applied behavioral science, vol. 1 (pp. 77-81).  San Diego:  Pfeiffer & Co.

Faibisoff, Sylvia & Ely, Donald P.  Information and information needs.  Information Reports and Bibliographies 5(5), 2-16.  Retrieved September, 2004 full-text from Hagerty Library Electronic Resources, class reserves.

Hughes-Hassell, S, Thickman Miller, E (2003).  Public library websites for young adults:  Meeting the needs of today’s teens online.  Philadelphia: College of Information Science and Technology, Drexel University.  Retrieved August 13, 2004 from Science Direct database.

Jones, Patrick & Waddle, Linda L. (2002).  New Directions for library service to young adults. Chicago:American Library Association.

Jones, Patrick. (1997).  A cyber-room of their own:  How libraries use web pages to attract young adults.  School Library Journal, 43(11), 34-40.  Retrieved August 15, 2004 from ProQuest Research Library database.

Jones, Patrick (2002).  New directions for serving young adults means building more than our collections.  Journal of Youth Services in Libraries, 15(3), 21-23.  Retrieved full-text November, 2004 from Hagerty Library Electronic Resources, Wilson database.

Kuhlthau, Carol (1990).  Inside the search process:  Information seeking from the user’s perspective.  Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 42(5), 361-371.  Retrieved full-text October, 2004 from Hagerty Library Electronic Resources, class reserves.

Kuhlthau, Carol (1997).  Learning in digital libraries:  An information search process approach.  Library Trends, 45(4), 708-725.  Retrieved full-text November, 2004 from Hagerty Library Electronic Resources, EBSCOhost database.

MacRae, Cathi Dunn. (1999). Ain’t misbehavin’: doin’ what comes naturally with teens in libraries.  Voice of Youth Advocates, 22 (1), 5-7.  Retrieved August, 2004, from Hagerty Library Electronic Reserves, ERIC database.

McKenna, Mary (1994).  Libraries and the Internet (Report No. EDO-IR-94-6).  Syracuse, NY:  Center for Science & Technology.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED377880).

Meyers, Elaine Meyers, Elaine. (1999). The Coolness Factor:  Ten libraries listen to youth.  American Libraries, 30(10), p 42-45.  Retrieved August, 2004, from Hagerty Library Electronic Resources, ERIC database.

Moe, Tammi; & Lance, Keith Curry (2003).  Kids & Computers:  Selected Results from Colorado Public Libraries & the Digital Divide, 2002.  Library Research Service, ED3/110.10/No.187, January 26, 2003.  Retrieved August, 2004, from Hagerty Library Electronic Resources, ERIC database.

Schwartz, Wendy (2003).  After-School and Community Technology Education Programs for Low-Income Families. (Report No. EDO-UD-03-2).  Columbia University, NY:  Institute for Urban and Minority Education, Teachers College.  (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED478098).

Taylor, Robert (1968).  Question-negotiation and information seeking in libraries.  College and Research Libraries, May, 1968.  Retrieved full-text September, 2004 from Hagerty Library Electronic Resources, class reserves.

Whelan, Debra Lau (2004).  Generation Tech.  School Library Journal, 50(3), 48.  Retrieved full-text November, 2004 from Hagerty Library Electronic Resources, EBSCOhost database.

Walter, Virginia (2003).  Public library services to children and teens:  a research agenda.  Library Trends, Vol. 51, No. 4 (spring, 2003), pp. 571-589.   Retrieved full-text November, 2004 from http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1387/is_4_51/ai_105046541/.

Winston Winston, M, & Lione Paone, K. (2001).  Reference and information services for young adults.  Reference & User Services Quarterly,41 (1), 45-51.  Retrieved full-text July, 2004 from Hagerty Library Electronic Resources, ProQuest Research Library database.